Bridge or arch of concrete or other analogous materials.



D. B. LUTBN. BRIDGE OR ARCE OF GONGRETE OR OTHER. ANALOGOUS MATERIALS.

APPLICATION FILED APR.1,1907.

Patented May 25, 1909. 3 SHEETS-SHEET l.

D. B. LUTEN. BRIDGE OR ARCH OI CONCRETE OR OTHER ANALOGOUS MATERIALS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. l, 1907.

923,058, Patgnted May 25, 1909.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

D. B. LUTEN. BRIDGE 0R ARGE 0F CONCRETE o?. OTHER ANALoGoUs MATEMALS. APPLIGATION FILED APR. 1. 1907.

923,058. Patented May 25,1909. 4 ssHBETs-SHBET a.

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J4 ll i y l Mya/72'??? Uivrrnn sas ritratti Enron.

DANIEL B. LUTEN, OF INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA.

BRIDGE `R ARCH OF CONCRETE OR OTHER ANALOGGUS MATERIALS.

Specication'of Letters Patent.

Patented May 25, 1909.

Application filed April 1, .1.907. Serial No. 365,846.

crete o-r other Analogous Materials, of which the following is a full, clear,- concise, and ex act description, reference beinghad to the' accompanying drawing, forming a part of this specification.

rThis invention relates to girder bridges A and to arch bridges which are made. of concrete or other suitable material and to methods of erecting the same, and has for its gen eral object to irovide an improved structure type, in which 15 represents the arch, and

the other reference numbers ldesignate the saine parts as indicated in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

,Fig 6 is a section taken near the end of span ot' the arch bridge, showing the spandrels, railings and copings supported upon the arch, all represented by the saine reference numbers as in Figs. '-.L and 5.

Fig. 7 illustrates the process of construction; in this lign re 25 designates the. foot-ing,

` 15 and 20 desigi'iate the arch -or girder and the pavement as in former figures, 26 designates the centers, 27 the earth filling and 2S the railing toi-nis. The pavement 20 rests upon the footing 25 which has a serrated upof the class reterred to which shall combine a i maximum of strength and eificiencyjvith increased economy of construction, compared with similar bridges at present in use.

The improvements to which Imy invention i is directe pertain more directly to the s aii- `drels, copings and railings of such bri( ges,

and to methods of' so erecting structures as i will produce an efiicient and satisfactory su erstructure.

y invention will be readily understood Walls as'sliown at 34 in the same figure.

upon reference to the accompanying'drawings illustrating the same in the preferred forms and constructions of its several features, wherein Figure 1 is a side elevational view of substantially a longitudinal half ot' the bridge built in accordance with my invention.

Fig. 1. Figs. 4 and 5 are similar to Figs. 1 and 2, showing' an arch. sectional view on the line 6 6 of Fig. 4. Fig. 7 illustrates certain novel steps iii the process of constructing the bridge. Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional View on the line 8-8 of i load, such as spandre per surface inclined upwardly away from the end of the. span.

.- For arch bridges ot comparatively long span, hollow spandrel filling is frequently employed instead of the heavier earth filling. One form ot' hollow span construction is shown at 2S) in Fig. 7. 3() support a solid roadbed 31. The spaces 32 between the columns may extend through the faces of the spandrels as shown at 33 in Fig. 8, or may be screened by solid spanfllrl e other reference numbers of Fig. 8 are applied similarly to Fig. 7.

Whenv a bridge built of concrete or any hardened plastic is subjected to the loading stresses of its own weicht or of any applied filling or a concentrated load', a settlement of the structure' ree Fig. 2 is a top plan view of the saine. Fig. 3 is across-sectiona1 view on the line 3.3 of

l the material to assume its principal stresses Figi?. l eferring to Figs. 1, 2', and 3, which show a bridge of the girder type, and first briefly specifying the structural elements ot the bridge, 15 designates the girder, l16 the abutnient, 17 the Wings, l18 the spandrel, 'and 18a the coping; 19 designates a concrete railing mounted on the co ing, 2() a pavement eX- tending across the protecting apron, 22 and 22a embedded rein foroing members, and 24 a tie rod from vWing to spandrel.'v Y

ed of the stream, 21 a Figs. 4 and 5 show a. bridge oi' the arch E.

for possibly the iirst time, the settlement of an arch or girder at the middle of the span is sometimes considerable and may result in a tension region along the outer surface near the ends of the span. When the spandrels are built in the usual Wa complete before settlement of the arch or girder, a high decree of teiisionmay result iii the spandrel or railing above these oints. To lobviate the cracking that lWoiilil otherwise result, vertical ex pansion joints have hitherto been introduced in the spnndrel at or near the ends of the span; suoli joints are nothing more than attempts to localize the cracks; .Reinforcement of the spandrels through these regions The upright columns A of tension has also been employed, but as the 1:1 0

. 50 stress in order to stiften the structure and j spandrels and railings, or any stresses are largely indeterminate it has been impossible to adequately and eiiiciently recomprehends a novel method of constructing l such a bridge, the princi al steps ot' Which'are as follows z-l irst buil a concrete footing at j -eaohend ofthe span indicated at 25 in' Fig. 7.

Aspan rel to the the false .Work or centering thereupon.

I next erect the centering and forms as shown in Fi 7 and com lete the arch or girder and ibwer sideA of the spandrel coping or at a line above the coping, or to any intermediate' line. When the concrete 1 pavement is employed, l lay this across the stream from footing to footing and then erect stead of completing the girder or arch and spandrel to a line above the copinfy ofthe spandrelsl'may complete the spandrel to a 1 line slightly above the arch or girder or to l any intermediate position. Or the centers i may be erected first and the footings and arch -or girder built next. The next 'step i consists in striking or removing thecenters and forms, that is in so manipulatin the sup orts that the arch or girder Wildu assume j oading stresses, after which the spandrels, copings and railings 'or other superstructure g may he added. The supports maybe rej leased by striking the Wedges under the upf rights, or by Cpermitting the escape otsand j from the san. boxes under the uprights, or by removing the sway bracing from flexible uprights, or any other method that Will induce in th'e arch or girder some or all of the `loading stresses which it is designed to resist. lt is not, of course, essential to the'success of i this method that all of the centering should be removed or released from the arch ori girder, but only that part of it be removed or released which shall cause the struct-ure to asi sume desired stresses. lt may be desirable, g for example, to retain a portion of the centering in the'structure after it has assumed some support it until a part of the superstructure is added, oruntil the superstructure is conipleted,-suiiicient to stiilen the structure and j prevent buclding of the arch or girder,- after l which the rest of the centering may be removed- Before striking orremoving the centers, the arch cr girder maybe loaded with the earth ill or any other loading and the centers then struck or removed and the railings, cop ings and spandrels or other superstructure j continued or completed. The addition of l the lower part of the 'spandrel Walls before striking centers permits the addition of the 1 j before subjecting it to stress.

eaaoss earth till supported by these Walls and thus applies to the arch its normal loading at the time the centers are struck. These part spandels also serve to stiii'cn the arch and prevent distortion and possible collapse that might occur it the slender arch ring were subjected to stress without any of the superimposed loading for which it 'was designed. This is especially vtrue Wlierethe part spandrel loading referred to consists of spandrel arches or other superstructure, and Ait is intended in such cases that the spandrels or su erstructureshall be built in a substantia y balanced arrangement to sustain the arch and prevent its buckling when subjected to stress.

After completing the arch or girder andv While Waiting for it to harden before striking or removing the centers the forms for the spandrel and railing, if to be of concrete, may be built so that after the centers are removed from the structure the only Work required to complete it is the placing of the concrete in the forms. The Work may be so divided that only the railing forms or the railing and co in forms will re uire filling with concrete P g (l s after releasing the centers. In 'the 'meantime these railing forms will serve as temporary railings to protect traiic passing over the bridge While the arch or grider is hardening and the iill is settling. After the till is' completed, the Workmen can build the railing with the advantage of requiring no scaffold since the then have the completed roadway on which `to stand and place their materials. My process consists then primarily in subjecting the arch or girder 'to load stresses before adding the railings, copings, or upper part of spandrels, andto this may be added the feature oli applying the load of earth iilling or any other load to the bridge And in connection with this latter feature the forms for the upper part of s andrel, or coping or railing, or any part of t em may beadded before the structure is subjected to stress, and filled With concrete as the final step in the erection and loading, after which the centers may be completely removed if not previously accom: plished.

in loading the bridge with earth filling before subecting it to stress, the spandrel Walls may e erected just suiciently to hold the illing or other loading before the material of the structure is subjected to stress and subsequently extended or completed after the material of the structure is under stress. lt will thusbe seen that by first subjecting the arch or girder to a suflicient portion of load stresses lto brin it into a more nearly normal condition of -oading, the upper part of the spandrels and the co ings and railings, or any part of them can e added Without danger of later distortion due to settlement of the structure thus obviating the cracking lll() lll?) izo that otherwise would occur in the still railing ings with opper surface upwardly inclined v away lroin the span then laying a. pavement between the lootings, then erecting centers on the paveii'ient, then erecting the arch oil' plastic material on the centers, then erecting part ol the spandrel or Superstructure ap 'iroxiniately to the copings, then adding the earth lilhng, pai-rement, or other loading, V then erecting the lornis for railing, coping, or

temporary supports, erecting teini'iorar5r snpports upon the foundations, then erecting 'an 'arch or girder on the supports, then erecting part oiLl the spandrel or siipei'stiuctiire on the arch or girder, then adding other lixed loading, then erecting lalseworlt loi' coping or railing, then lowering the tcniporar)Y supports, then adding spandrel, coping or railing oll plastic material and. subsequently removing all l'alseworlr.

6. That improvement in the art ol' huilding an arch or girder comprising erecting renters, then erecting an arch or girderfon the centers, then erecting part ol' the spandrel or superstructure, then adding other loading, then I erecting 'lalsework for coping or railing, then upper spandrel, then permitting'tlie arch to harden, then releasing the centering supports, i

v i,iletiiig the spandrel, rcoping or railing, and

subsequently removing the centering.

2. lhat improvement in the art ol building an arch or girder comprising placing the then. allowing the arch to settle, then coiny i ing an arch. or girder ol hardening plast-ie striking the centers, then adding to spandrel, coping or railing, and subsequently removing centers.

' 7. rThat improvement in the art. ol' build 3 comprising erecting centers, then erecting an `loiind-:i-tions for the arch or girder, then layl ing a pavement between the foundations, then erecting temporary supports on the pavement, then erecting the arch or girder on the. temporary support-s, then erecting part ol the spandrel or superstructure, then i loading the structure, then erecting l'orins for railing or coping, then releasing the tein- .I porary supports, the-n allowing the arch or girder to settle, ythen adding to thel spandrel or superstructure, and subsequently removing the. centering.

3. That improvement in the art ol' huilding an arch or girder of hardening plastic comprising placing the foundations, thenA laying a pavement between the foundations,

than erecting temporary supports on the:

pavement, then erecting the arch or girder onthe temporary support-s, then erecting part of the spandrel or superstructure,then 1 adding part ofthe fixed loading, then erecting railing lalsework, then releasing the tein- 1 porary supports' allowing the arch orgirder to settle, then adding to spandrel, railing or superstructure, and subsequently removing the centering.

4. That improvement in the art of huilding an arch oi: girder comprising placing foundations lor temporary supports, erecting temporary supports npont-he foundations, then erecting an arch or girder on the teniporaryjsnpports, then erecting the lower part ol' the spandrel or superstructure,then

adding fixed loading, then erecting railing lialseworlr, then releasing the temporaryv snpports to allow settlement, then adding to spandrel, railing, or superstructure, and suhsequently removing the temporary sup iorts.

arch or girder on the cent-ers, then erecting part of the spandrel or superstructure, then adding to the loading, then erecting forms l'or coping or railing, then lowering the centers, then adding `to spandrel, coping or railing, and snhseqiientlv removing the renters and torins.

8. "lhat in'xproveinent in the art ol' huilding an arch or girde-r comprising erecting the arch or girder on temporary supports, together with part of the spandrel or superstructure, then adding to the load on the arch or girder, then erecting lalsework l'or railing l temporary supports, together With part of.

the spandrel or superstructure, 'then adding to thefload on the arch or girder, then erect ing forms for railing or coping, then manipulating tlie'teniporary supports so as to suhject the arch or girder to stress without. permitting excessive distortion, then adding i plastic material for spandrel, roping, or rail-y 5. That improvement in the art of uilding an arch or girder ot..,hardening tplastic comprising laying foundations of p astio for infr.

tl0. That improvement in the art of building an arch or girder comprising erecting the arch or girder on temporary sii ports, together with part of the spandre or superstructure, then adding roadwav filling, then erecting railing alsework, then lowering the teinporaiy supports, and subsequently completing spanclrel, coping or railing.

1l. That improvement inthe art of building an arch or gil-der of hardening plastic comprising erecting the arch or girder on centers together with part oi the spandrel or superstructure, then building up the road ing ana-rch or girder ofhardening supports, then lowering the supports, and l with, then subjecting the supporting struc- 4 ture to stresses induced by diminution of eX- i Way, then erecting forms for coping or rail- .l ing, then strikingfthe centers, 'and subse- 5V quently completing the spandrel, coping or railing with plastic material.`

12. That improvement in the art of building'an arch or girder comprising erecting the arch or girder on temporary supports, then erecting part of the spandrel or superstructure, then-adding other loading, then loWerl ing the temporary supports and subsequently adding coping or railing. 1

1%. That improvementin the art 'of buildlastic comprising erecting the arch or gir er on g temporary supports, then adding part of the spandrel or su erstructure, then increasing 4 the loading, t ien lowering the temporary l supports and subsequently completing spandrel, coping or railing.

14. That improvement in the art of building an arch or girder comprising erecting the 3 arch or girder together with part of the spaning the centers and subsequently adding coping or railing.

15. That improvement in the art of build- 'ing an arch or-girder of hardening plastic comprising erecting the arch or girder and part of the spandrel or superstructure approximately to the coping, on temporary subsequently adding coping and railing.

16. That improvement in the art of buildl ing an arch or girder of concrete `comprising i erecting the arch or girder together with part of the spandrel or superstructure, then manipulating the supports of the arch or girder to permit settlement, and subsequently completing the spandrel, coping or railing. i 17. That improvement injthe art of coni struction comprising erecting a supporting i' structure of concrete together with part of l the 'supported superstructure integral there- 1 with, .then subjecting the supporting structure toits principal loading stresses and subsequently completing the superstructure. i Y 18. That improvement in the art of building an arch or girder of concrete comprising erecting the arch or girder together With part ofthe integral superstructure supported thereby, and completing the superstructure after the arch or'girder is s'ubjectedto its ,i principal loading stresses. l 19. That improvement in the art of conl struction comprising erecting a supporting structure of concrete together with part of the supported superstructure integral thereternal support, and subsequently completing the superstructure.

2t). That improvement in the art of buildi ing an arch or girder bridge of concrete comprising erecting the arch or girder together with part of the integral su erstructure supported thereby, and comp eting the superstructure after the arch or girder is subjected to stresses induced by diminution of external support.

' 21. That improvement in the art of bui-lell ing an arch or girder bridge of concrete com-`v prising erecting the arch or girder, then erecting part of the integral superstructure suported thereby, then applying additional oading, and subsequently adding to the superstructure after the arc-h or girder is subjected to its principal internal stresses.

22. That improvement in the art of building an. arch'or girder bridge of concrete comprising erecting the arch or girder togethel' f with part of its integral superstructure, then' drel or superstructure on centers, then lowieri,

applying granular loading, and subsequently completing the superstructure after the arch or girder is subjected to stress.

23. That improvement 1n the art of building an arch or girder bridge of concrete com; prising erecting the arch or girder together with part of its integral superstructure, then applying the other loading, then erecting forms for completion of superstructure, and subsequently placing the concrete for superstructure after the arch or girder is subjected to its principal stresses.

24. That improvement in the art of building a concrete bridge comprising erecting the bridge together with integral loading, and subsequently completing the integral loading after the bridge has assumed its principal stresses.

` 25. That improvement in the art of building a concrete bridge comprising laying a g pavement, erecting centers upon the pavement, then erecting the bridge and spandrel approximately to the coping, .then adding earth loading, then erecting forms for coping i .and railing, then manipulating the centers to cause'the bridge to assume its principal stresses, then completing coping and railing and subsequently removing centers and forms.

In Witness whereof, I have hereto subscribed my name in the presence-of two witnesses.

DANIEL B. LUTEN.

I/Vitnesses:

W. E.. WAN LANDINGHAM, C. H. KNIGHT. 

